摘 要
托马斯•哈代 (1840-1928) 是19世纪英国著名的现实主义小说家，苔丝是哈代小说《德伯家的苔丝》中的悲剧主人公，多年来一直是文学评论的焦点。本文主要从三个方面对主人公的悲剧性命运展开分析。首先描述了苔丝所生活的大时代背景，然后剖析其性格深处的人性弱点，最后阐述了贯穿小说始终的命运因素。小说的副标题称苔丝是“一个纯洁的女人”，在作家的眼中，苔丝是无辜的。她拥有顽强的生命力；她从未停止过对不公正命运的抗争。然而诸多因素（社会，家庭，个人）使得这个纯洁的女孩慢步走向毁灭并最终沦为社会的牺牲品。在《德伯家的苔丝》中，苔丝的故事不仅仅是一个女人的故事，她的悲剧经由哈代的艺术创作，不仅使读者浸浴于艺术之美中，更为读者展现了人类不同层面的悲剧内涵。
关键词：托马斯•哈代；苔丝；悲剧
ABSTRACT
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the outstanding realistic writers at the turn of 19th century in England. The heroine Tess in Hardy’s work “Tess of the d’Urbervilles” has long been the focus of literary criticism. The aim of this paper is to analyze the causes of Tess’s tragedy from three perspectives as follows. First, it presents the social background Tess lived in, then analyses the weaknesses deep inside her characters, finally it elaborates the fate factors throughout the paper. The novel’s subtitle described Tess as “a pure woman” in the eyes of writer. Tess was an innocent person: she had a powerful vitality; she never ended the resistance against unfair destiny. However, plenty of elements (society, families and individual) made this pure girl head to destruction slowly and turned out to be a victim of society eventually. Tess of the d’Urbervilles is more than a story about a woman whose tragedy bathes readers in the beauty through Hardy’s artistic creation and manifests readers the intension of human tragedies of different status.
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Tomas Hardy and his major works 2
3. Three major causes of the tragedy of Tess 3
3.1 Social environment Tess lived in 3
3.1.1 influences of family and environment 3
3.1.2 destructions of secular moral prejudice 4
3.1.3 persecutions of capitalistic law and religion 6
3.2 Own personalities of Tess 7
3.2.1 pure and kindhearted 7
3.2.2 weak 9
3.2.3 strong personality and challenges against moral codes 10
3.2.4 traditional concept of chastity 11
3.3 Fate elements throughout the novel 12
3.3.1 fatalism of Thomas Hardy 12
3.3.2 inhere tendency of fatalism of Tess 13
3.3.3 predicable omen continuously appeared with the color of fatalism 14
4. Significance on study of the causes of Tess' tragedy 15
5. Conclusion 16
Acknowledgements 17
References 18
